Can CT image truncation cause false dose alerts?
July 10, 2019
By Niki Fitousi,Ph.D and An Dedulle from Qaelum (
One of the main benefits of a radiation dose management system is the possibility to automatically generate alerts when the dose exceeds certain thresholds. These dose thresholds are mainly based on national Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) which are defined for a standard-sized patient. An advanced dose management system offers the possibility to automatically select the group of patients by defining a patient size range in terms of weight, effective diameter or Water Equivalent Diameter (WED). As weight is not always filled in, WED, an attenuation-based metric, has become the favourite parameter to indicate patient size. But how accurately is WED calculated? Are we sure that our group of standard-sized patients does not include patients with wrong size calculation? Especially when everything happens automatically, how can we prevent that a high dose alert does not indicate a bigger patient for whom the size was not correctly calculated?
Automatic calculation of WED by a dose management system can be performed from the CT localizer image or the reconstructed axial images. The difficulty in using the localizer lies mainly in the different calibration of pixel values in terms of water attenuation between vendors/scanner models/software versions, the inclusion of table attenuation, the use of edge-enhancement filters and the wrong positioning that can magnify or minify the patient’s image. The reconstructed axial CT image is presented as an accurate way to measure the WED of the patient on the condition that the full patient tissue is included in the image1,2.
But what happens if the axial image is truncated? Can it still be used to estimate the WED?
Our research team performed a study to investigate the effect of image truncation on the calculation of water equivalent diameter for chest and abdomen CT scans. We used a set of CT examinations (286 thorax and 222 abdomen CTs) for which the middle slice was not truncated and then we intentionally truncated the images up to 50% (Figure 1). Non-truncated WED values were compared to truncated values.
Figure 1: Example of an intentionally truncated CT image. The truncation percentage was calculated as the ratio of the patient border touching the field of view to the total patient border (red/(red+blue)).
The results indicated that for truncation percentages below 20%, the underestimation of the WED was rather small and no correction was needed. For larger truncation percentages, the difference between the non-truncated and truncated WED became larger and correction factors3 could improve the calculation of WED. The results were presented at the European Congress of Medical Physics (ECMP 2018)4.
The study was then broadened to evaluate the effect of truncation on the Size Specific Dose Estimates (SSDE) calculation (Figure 2). The results will be presented at AAPM 2019.
Although defining the Diagnostic Reference Levels for a specific patient size range allows to exclude overweight and obese patients, the truncation of the image could lead to a bigger patient being falsely identified as “standard-sized” and generate a dose alert. Knowing the effects of truncation on the calculation can assist in excluding dose alerts from the daily workload.
If you want to know more about our results and conclusions, you can visit Qaelum’s booth at the AAPM 61st annual meeting and exhibition in San Antonio, TX, Hall3#247 or check the eposter session at Exhibit Hall | Forum 9, on July 17th 10:30AM - 11:00AM.
Figure 2: Example calculation from truncated images. A message indicates that WED and SSDE should be evaluated with care, as the calculation may not be accurate (screenshot from DOSE, Qaelum).
REFERENCES
1. AAPM Report No 204. Size-Specific Dose Estimates (SSDE) in pediatric and adult body CT examinations. Report of AAPM Task Group 204. American Association of Physicists in Medicine, 2011.
2. AAPM Report No 220. Use of Water Equivalent Diameter for Calculating Patient Size and Size-Specific Dose Estimates (SSDE) in CT Report of AAPM Task Group 220. American Association of Physicists in Medicine, 2014.
3. Anam et al. The Size-Specific Dose Estimate (SSDE) for truncated computed tomography images. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 175, 313-320, 2017.
4. Dedulle et al. Influence of image truncation on the calculation of Water Equivalent Diameter in Computed Tomography examinations. European Congress of Medical Physics, ECMP 2018, 23 – 25 August 2018, Copenhagen, Denmark.
